ဝီခီပီးဒီးယား

တမ်းပလေက်:Full biological kingdom classification

Linnaeus
1735[၁] 		Haeckel
1866[၂] 		Chatton
1925[၃][၄] 		Copeland
1938[၅][၆] 		Whittaker
1969[၇] 		Woese et al.
1977[၈][၉] 		Woese et al.
1990[၁၀] 		Cavalier-Smith
1993[၁၁][၁၂][၁၃] 		Cavalier-Smith
1998[၁၄][၁၅][၁၆] 		Ruggiero et al.
2015[၁၇]
(not treated) (not treated) 2 empires 2 empires 2 empires 2 empires 3 domains 3 superkingdoms 2 empires 2 empires
2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms (not treated) 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 6 kingdoms (not treated) 8 kingdoms 6 kingdoms 7 kingdoms
(not treated) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Eubacteria Bacteria Eubacteria Bacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaea Archaebacteria Archaea
Eukaryota Protista Protista Protista Eucarya Archezoa Protozoa Protozoa
Protozoa
Chromista Chromista Chromista
Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae
Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia


  1. ↑ Linnaeus၊ C. (1735)။ Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species။
  2. ↑ Haeckel၊ E. (1866)။ Generelle Morphologie der Organismen။ Reimer, Berlin။
  3. ↑ "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires" (1925). Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale 10-VII: 1–84. 
  4. ↑ Chatton၊ É. (1937)။ Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937)။ Sette, Sottano, Italy။
  5. ↑ "The kingdoms of organisms" (1938). Quarterly Review of Biology 13: 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568. 
  6. ↑ Copeland၊ H. F. (1956)။ The Classification of Lower Organisms။ Palo Alto: Pacific Books။ p. 6။ doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474။
  7. ↑ "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms" (January 1969). Science 163 (3863): 150–60. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760. en:Bibcode: 1969Sci...163..150W. 
  8. ↑ "An ancient divergence among the bacteria" (August 1977). Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 (4): 305–311. doi:10.1007/BF01796092. PMID 408502. en:Bibcode: 1977JMolE...9..305B. 
  9. ↑ "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms" (November 1977). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (11): 5088–90. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088. PMID 270744. en:Bibcode: 1977PNAS...74.5088W. 
  10. ↑ "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya." (1990). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (12): 4576–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576. PMID 2112744. PMC:54159. en:Bibcode: 1990PNAS...87.4576W. 
  11. ↑ "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?" (1981). Bio Systems 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818. 
  12. ↑ "Origins of secondary metabolism" (1992). Ciba Foundation symposium 171: 64–80; discussion 80–7. PMID 1302186. 
  13. ↑ "Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla" (1993). Microbiological reviews 57 (4): 953–994. doi:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993. PMID 8302218. 
  14. ↑ Cavalier-Smith၊ T. (1998)၊ "A revised six-kingdom system of life"၊ Biological Reviews၊ 73 (03): 203–66၊ doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x၊ PMID 9809012
  15. ↑ Cavalier-Smith၊ T. (2004)၊ "Only six kingdoms of life" (PDF)၊ Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences၊ 271: 1251–62၊ doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705၊ PMC 1691724၊ PMID 15306349၊ 2010-04-29 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး
  16. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMID 20031978. PMC:2880060. 
  17. ↑ "A higher level classification of all living organisms" (2015). PLOS ONE 10 (4): e0119248. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248. PMID 25923521. en:Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1019248R. 
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